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Economic growth is an increase in the market value of a country’s production, measured by the aggregate measure of goods and services known as gross domestic product (GDP). An economy can grow through either a bigger population or higher productivity per worker. Either can raise the overall size of the economy, but only strong productivity growth drives per capita GDP growth and higher material standards of living.

Why do some countries experience high rates of growth that propel them to the ranks of the rich, while others see their populations stagnate and regress over time? And what is the key to long-term sustainable economic growth?

The answer is found in an economy’s institutions, the rules and customs that govern its economic behavior. These include laws, regulations, and the incentives that reward people for engaging in productive activities. Institutions influence the pace at which an economy grows.

The first step in generating economic growth is to put idle resources back to work. This is called the expenditure multiplier effect, where an initial increase in spending yields a greater increase in economic output. For example, if someone spends $10 million on a wind farm, that investment generates $8 million in additional economic activity. That $8 million is the money that people, businesses and government use to buy more goods and services. The more that happens, the faster an economy grows.

You don’t have to be an investor or follow business news very closely to know that corporate earnings are hugely important. Everyone from the media to investors and central banks alike rely on these numbers when making decisions and setting economic policy. Yet, while many are aware that companies report earnings on a quarterly basis and the results are a huge driver of stock prices, most have little understanding of what these numbers really mean or how they’re calculated.

Earnings are the sum total of all a company’s profits during a given period. They’re calculated by subtracting a company’s costs from its revenue, with the result being a figure that’s reported on a quarterly basis. Earnings are important to the economy because they’re an indicator of how successful businesses are at turning their assets into cash.

The main metrics investors and analysts focus on are EPS, net income, and margins. Companies will also often provide forward guidance, a projection of their future financial performance that shapes expectations and drives immediate market reactions.

It’s important to understand what each of these metrics means in order to make informed investment decisions. For example, focusing on only EPS growth without considering one-time gains or losses can lead you to believe that a company is growing faster than it actually is. Similarly, not considering share buybacks can distort the true picture of a company’s profitability. It’s important to be aware of these issues in order to avoid overreacting to earnings reports.

Peace talks involve an intricate dance among leaders to gradually swap war for peace. But these processes often fail to produce lasting, durable results because of a variety of barriers.

Whether the issue is the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians or the many separatist struggles plaguing Africa, it is clear that a range of obstacles keep warring parties from reaching a peace deal. The most important obstacle is the lack of a clear incentive to engage in negotiations. A lack of incentives to negotiate is particularly serious when the conflict is fought over identity and the positions that define it are irreconcilable.

The next barrier is the difficulty of building the trust needed for negotiations. Peace talks are most likely to succeed when they take place between negotiators with equal decision-making power. But literature shows that even when a negotiating environment is hospitable and the relationships friendly, peace deals can be undermined by outside political pressures or third party influence.

Finally, there is the problem of identifying a “ripe” moment for peace. A number of factors can help predict a conflict’s ripeness for peace, but in practice this condition is often sensed intuitively by those closest to the situation. More systematic assessments of a range of variables might yield better predictions about when the logic and passion for war will be less likely to override prospects of peace.

Finally, there are lessons from past peace processes about the way they are structured. The lesson of South Africa is that, while secret, elite pacts may make sense early in the process, broad participation in the search for peace might be more conducive to long-term success.

A news update is a quick account of an interesting or significant event or development. To write an effective news update, you must be able to grab and hold the attention of your readers and give them the most important details.

If you have more information to share, write a follow-up story. News updates should be written using an inverted pyramid format, meaning the most newsworthy information goes first and the least newsworthy is included at the end of the story. When identifying people in a story, use their full first and middle initials. This prevents confusion for your reader and avoids jarring them with sudden switches of first or second person. In addition, use the third person when referring to an organization or business.

A summit meeting is an important event where people gather together with a common goal or interest. They can be hosted by government organizations, business leaders, or even non-profits. Summit meetings are designed to provide attendees with valuable information and build connections that last long after the event has ended. But, in order to make a summit meeting successful, it’s important to plan ahead and understand the key components that go into making an impactful event.

The first step in creating a powerful summit is clearly defining goals and identifying responsibilities. A summit director should be designated and given the power to shape the event’s content and agenda. This person should be able to direct podium presentations and breakout sessions so that they are relevant to the meeting objectives, and coordinated so that they form a coherent whole. This is a crucial responsibility that can often be overlooked when planning a summit.

In addition to having clear goals, a summit should be promoted via online channels in order to reach the right audience. This may include social media campaigns, email sequences, or paid advertising. It’s also a good idea to host the event at an accessible location for potential attendees. The more accessible a summit is, the more likely it is to be attended by a wide range of industry professionals. This can help create a sense of community and create lasting value for the organization that holds the event.

Diplomacy is an art of tact and strategic communication that fosters understanding, minimizes conflict and seeks mutually beneficial solutions. It is the heart of international relations and the soul of negotiation. It enables nations to protect their foreign policy interests and cooperate on issues like trade, culture and science. In a globalized world, it is a necessary skill for all leaders.

The practice of diplomacy dates back to ancient times. Written documents have been found that record treaties between cities in Mesopotamia in 2850 B.C.E. Later, diplomatic contact between nations developed in Italy, where the first embassy was established in 1455. It wasn’t until the 16th century, however, that permanent diplomatic missions became standard. These diplomatic missions, often staffed by diplomats (who are known as ambassadors), are located in countries other than their home state and are called embassies.

For centuries diplomats have been given special treatment – including immunity from jurisdiction and inviolability of their persons and property – by the states they represent. This is a basic principle of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, which was signed in 1961. It codifies the sanctity of diplomatic privileges.

Successful diplomacy requires a high degree of intelligence and a willingness to compromise and sacrifice one’s own ego for the sake of an agreement. It also requires the courage to break from established patterns, as Anwar Sadat did in his negotiations with Israel and Henry Kissinger did in working with Zhou Enlai on opening to China.

A news bulletin is an item of recorded news issued for the purpose of public information. It is usually based upon information received just before the time of publication, but may also be prepared in advance.

A successful news bulletin has to be relevant to the interests of its audience, so that it can keep them listening for a good length of time. If they listen to stories that don’t interest them, they will soon switch off, so it is important to know your audience and understand their concerns. You also have to consider the pace of your news bulletin, that is the length of each story and the way it is written. A report of a fire will often be in short sentences with snappy words that convey simple ideas, while a story explaining a complex political issue will require longer sentences and words that convey more complicated ideas.

Using actuality – recordings of people speaking – in your news bulletin can add variety, authority and credibility. They can be a voice reading a written article, or an audio clip (called a grab) from an interview or speech. In the case of the latter, you can overdubbe it by playing the original sound and then overlaying it with a voice to translate.

You can also use grabs at the end of your news bulletin as a sort of filler, but they must always have an editorial reason for being included. If a light story is planned, but then the flash comes through of a major air crash, you must drop it and go straight to the important news.

A trade war occurs when two nations impose restrictions on each other’s trade. These trade barriers can halt production, lower economic output and raise prices for consumers. They also increase tension between nations, creating an environment for political crises and potential conflict.

In recent years, the US-China trade war has become the most significant trade conflict in decades. Despite the US-China trade war’s high costs for American companies, consumers and workers, neither country has emerged as a clear winner. In addition, the conflict’s effects on global growth are likely to be substantial and lasting.

While trade wars can be caused by a variety of reasons, the Trump administration’s motivations for imposing tariffs on China are particularly concerning. These include a desire to reduce America’s trade deficit with China; the need to limit access of Chinese companies to technology that can compete with them in e-commerce and mobile services; and the need to prevent China from developing a domestic economy that threatens high wage jobs in US manufacturing and other sectors.

While world leaders may be tempted to cave to Trump’s coercive threats and retaliate with counter-tariffs of their own, they should instead focus on pushing for multilateral negotiations and compliance with international trade rules. After all, the deep unpopularity of President Trump provides world leaders with a politically useful foil—as evidenced by the rising popularity of British Prime Minister Keir Starmer and French President Emmanuel Macron.

National news is news that concerns the whole country or has significant national implications, such as politics, economy, major disasters and international events. This field of journalism is distinct from local news which focuses on community events, government, crime reports and human interest stories.

In contrast, world news is generally broader in scope and includes news from around the globe, often involving a global event or trend. This field of journalism may also be referred to as international news or foreign news.

As the media landscape continues to evolve, it is vital that organizations continue to adapt by enhancing their digital presence, creating engaging multimedia content and exploring new business models. This evolution will allow national news organizations to navigate challenges including declining print circulation and advertising revenue while maintaining editorial independence.

While the decline of local news outlets has significant impacts on residents, it can also lead to disinformation about critical local issues. This disconnect can have long-term consequences for civic engagement in the community. Local journalism plays a key role in holding local institutions accountable and highlighting community issues. It can also shape national conversations and influence policy decisions.

This quarter Fox News remained the most-watched cable network in primetime with 1.324 million total viewers and 117,000 demo viewers while CNN saw a decrease in viewership across both measured time periods with a 2% loss in primetime and 4% in total day. This marks the sixth consecutive quarter that CNN has finished second in the demo.

Political unrest is a form of social conflict that takes the form of protests, demonstrations, strikes, and other forms of civil disobedience. It often leads to violence and can destabilise a region.

It can be triggered by a variety of factors, including climate change, economic inequality, and social injustice. The interconnection of these factors creates a dynamic that can quickly escalate into a full-scale uprising, as people feel the need to demand action and relief from government officials.

The most common source of political unrest is economic inequality. This occurs when a small minority of individuals control the majority of the nation’s wealth and capital, while most citizens live on very little income. This leads to an increase in tensions between the wealthy and the poor, which is often exacerbated by the rise of identity politics, which exploits cultural and demographic differences for political gain.

Other causes of political unrest include corruption and oppression by a nation’s government. These factors can lead to a breakdown of democracy and a loss of basic human rights, such as freedom of speech and assembly. In these cases, the government will likely repress dissenting voices and opposition to their policies, which can fuel political unrest.

Ensure that you understand the local political situation before travelling to a country where there may be ongoing unrest. Consider the impact on transportation, school and business hours, as well as how to access critical services like food, water, and medication. Familiarise yourself with evacuation routes and ensure you have a go bag prepared in case you need to leave your accommodation during unrest.